Large seasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest

We analyzed one year of continuous soil respiration measurements to assess variations in the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration at a Danish beech forest. A single temperature function derived from all measurements across the year (Q₁₀ = 4.2) was adequate for estimating the total annual soil respiration and its seasonal evolution. However, Q₁₀'s derived from weekly datasets ranged between three in summer (at a mean soil temperature of 14 °C) and 23 in winter (at 2 °C), indicating that the annual temperature function underestimated the synoptic variations in soil respiration during winter. These results highlight that empirical models should be parameterized at a time resolution similar to that required by the output of the model. If the objective of the model is to simulate the total annual soil respiration rate, annual parameterization suffices. If however, soil respiration needs to be simulated over time periods from days to weeks, as is the case when soil respiration is compared to total ecosystem respiration during synoptic weather patterns, more short‐term parameterization is required. Despite the higher wintertime Q₁₀'s, the absolute response of soil respiration to temperature was smaller in winter than in summer. This is mainly because in absolute numbers, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration depends not only on Q₁₀, but also on the rate of soil respiration, which is highly reduced in winter. Nonetheless, the Q₁₀ of soil respiration in winter was larger than can be explained by the decreasing respiration rate only. Because the seasonal changes in Q₁₀ were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with soil moisture, they could also be related to changing temperature and/or soil moisture conditions.     

里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶

以里氏木霉及米根霉单菌固态发酵为对象,考察不同混合发酵形式对里氏木霉与米根霉混合固态发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结果表明:同时接种里氏木霉与米根霉,试验考察的两菌种接种量比1∶1(以孢子个数计)及5∶1条件下,两菌未产生明显协同产酶作用。米根霉延时(24 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1以及米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比1∶1,2种发酵形式产酶情况类似,滤纸酶活(FPA)及羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)酶活相对米根霉单菌发酵有所提高,而β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GA)酶活相对里氏木霉单菌固态发酵结束时分别增加4.66及4.40倍,可以发现两菌产生一定协同作用。在米根霉延时(48 h)接种且菌种量比5∶1的发酵形式下,FPA及CMCase在发酵第7天酶活分别达到44.04 IU/g、627.14 U/g(以1 g干曲计),分别是里氏木霉固态单菌发酵产酶达到稳定期时酶活的1.36和1.63倍,两菌产生了有效的协同作用。     

玉/豆和玉/薯模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

过量施用氮肥造成的环境问题日益严重,氮肥合理使用已成为人们研究的热点.本文研究了西南玉米两种主要套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.结果表明：连续分带轮作种植玉/豆模式后,玉米收获期植株中的氮素积累较玉/薯模式平均提高了6.1%,氮收获指数增加了5.4%,最终使氮肥利用效率提高4.3%,氮素同化量提高了15.1%,氮肥偏生产力提高了22.6%;玉米收获后硝态氮淋溶损失减少,60～120 cm土层中硝态氮残留玉/豆模式较玉/薯模式降低了10.3%,而0～60 cm土层中平均提高了12.9%,有利于培肥地力,两年产量平均较玉/薯模式高1249 kg·hm^-2,增产22%;增加施氮量提高了植株氮素积累,降低了氮肥利用率,显著提高了表层土壤中硝态氮的累积,60～100 cm土层中硝态氮的累积量在0～270 kg·hm^-2处理间差异不显著,继续增加施氮量会显著增加土壤硝态氮的淋溶;氮肥后移显著提高了土壤0～60 cm土层硝态氮的积累.两种模式下施氮量和底追比对玉米氮素吸收和硝态氮残留的影响结果不一致,玉/豆模式以施氮180～270 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=3∶2∶5的施肥方式有利于提高玉米植株后期氮素积累、氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率,减少了氮肥损失,两年最高产量平均可达7757 kg·hm^-2;而玉/薯模式在180 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶穗肥=5∶5的施肥方式下,氮素积累利用及产量均优于其他处理,两年平均产量为6572 kg·hm^-2,可实现两种模式下玉米高产、高效、安全的氮肥管理体系.
     

Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae collected from Gwangju,Republic of Korea

The susceptibility of Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected from Gwangju, Jeollabuk Province, Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using ten insecticides (7 pyrethroids and 3 organophosphates) that are currently applied by local public health centers in the ROK. Based on the values of median lethal concentration (LC₅₀), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus larvae were most susceptible to chlorpyrifos (0.006 ppm), fenitrothion (0.022 ppm), fenthion (0.035 ppm) and bifenthrin (0.038 ppm), and were least susceptible to esbiol (1.722 ppm). In comparative resistance tests, the resistance ratios (RRs) of seven insecticides were compared among each other using two strains of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus that were collected from the same locality during 1992 and 2010. Culex tritaeniorhynchus demonstrated significantly increased RRs to pyrethroids over time, while demonstrating decreased RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, permethrin had the highest RR values of 182.1‐ and 833.3‐fold differences, followed by etofenprox with RRs of 138.4‐ and 224.1‐fold differences in values of LC₅₀ and concentration that produced 90% mortality (LC₉₀), respectively. Culex tritaeniorhynchus strains demonstrated the least amount of change in susceptibility to the organophosphates, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and fenthion with 0.020‐, 0.019‐ and 0.001‐fold differences in resistance ratios (RRLC₅₀), respectively.     

发酵抑制物对絮凝酵母戊糖发酵的影响

将絮凝剂加入酵母溶液中,使酵母絮凝成颗粒以此作为固定化酵母进行戊糖发酵。研究了常见发酵抑制物(甲酸、乙酸、糠醛和乳酸等)对絮凝酵母发酵木糖的影响。结果表明:在60.0g/L木糖发酵液中,经过24h发酵,木糖利用率达94.6%,当分别添加抑制物甲酸、乙酸、糠醛、乙醇和乳酸时,聚氧乙烯絮凝酵母分别对其的耐受浓度为0.5、0.5、1.0、30.0和8.0g/L。当抑制物添加量超过各自的耐受浓度后,对絮凝酵母发酵会产生明显的抑制作用。     

智力低下患者的手纹分析

本文对安徽合肥和芜湖地区284例（男145人,女139人）2－59岁智力低下患者的手纹进行了分析。结果表明：患者的皮纹参数与正常对照组有明显的统计学差异,其中尺箕、箕／箕组合、帐弓、皮纹密度、atd角、t距比、掌褶通贯型、悉尼型、过渡Ⅰ型和小指短小类型等项参数均高于对照组（P＜0.01);而简斗、斗／斗组合、a-dRC、t-dRC低于对照组（P＜0.01),a-bRC亦低于对照组（P＜0.05)。这些皮纹参数可以作为智力低下患者的辅助诊断指标。     

Cloning and characterization of a mouse liver-specific gene mfrep-1, upregulated in liver regeneration

Human fibrinogen-related protein-1/liver fibrinogen-related protein-1 (HFREP-1/LFIRE-1), a liver-specificprotein, is a member of fibrinogen superfamily that exerts various biological activities. However, the func-tion of HFREP-1/LFIRE-1 in liver remains unknown. Here we isolated its mouse ortholog gene-mousefibrinogen-related protein-1 (mfrep-1), which encoded 314 amino acids, exhibiting 80.4% similarity toHFREP-1/LFIRE-1. Northern blot analysis revealed that 1.2-kb mfrep-1 mRNA was detected selectivelyin mouse liver. To explore the function of MFREP-1, we examined the levels of mfrep-1 mRNA duringregeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) in mice. mfrep-1 mRNA increased in the regeneratingliver and reached the first shoulder peak at 2-4 h after PHx. Cycloheximide pretreatment could suppress theinduction of mfrep-1, indicating the up-regulation of this gene need de novo protein synthesis. Its mRNAcontinued to elevate at 6 h thereafter and reached the second peak at 24 h. The enhanced expression ofmfrep-1 maintained high until 72 h and then declined slowly to the basal level. Immunohistochemistryassessment confirmed the up-regulated expression of MFREP-1 protein in parenchymal cells during liverregeneration. These data suggested that MFREP-1 might play an important role in liver regeneration andbe involved in the regulation of cell growth.     

Ceramide Inhibits Cell Proliferation through Akt/PKB Inactivation and Decreases Melanin Synthesis in Mel‐Ab Cells

Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates a variety of cell functions. However, the effects of ceramide on cell growth and the melanogenesis of melanocytes are not known. In the present study, we investigated the actions of cell‐permeable ceramide and its possible role in the signaling pathway of a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel‐Ab. Our results show that C₂‐ceramide inhibits DNA synthesis in Mel‐Ab cells and G361 human melanoma cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis confirmed the inhibition of DNA synthesis by a reduction in the S phase. To investigate the ceramide signaling pathway, we studied whether C₂‐ceramide is able to influence extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and/or Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) activation. We demonstrated that phosphorylated Akt/PKB is decreased by C₂‐ceramide, whereas phosphorylated ERK was only slightly affected. Therefore, the C₂‐ceramide‐induced inactivation of Akt/PKB may be closely related to the reduced cell proliferation of Mel‐Ab cells. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of C₂‐ceramide on the pigmentation of Mel‐Ab cells. The results obtained showed that the melanin content of cells was significantly reduced by C₂‐ceramide at concentrations in the range of 1–10 μM, and that the pigmentation‐inhibiting effect of C₂‐ceramide is much greater than that of kojic acid at 1–100 μM. In addition, we found that the activity of tyrosinase is reduced by C₂‐ceramide treatment. Our results demonstrate that C₂‐ceramide reduces the pigmentation of Mel‐Ab cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity.     

High IFN－α expression is associated with the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis （EAU） in Fischer 344 rat

INTRODUCTIONThe CD4 T cells can be subdivided intoTh1 and Th2 subsets based on their secreted cy-tokine profile. Th1 cells characteristical1y secreteInterferonry (IFN--ry), whereas Th2 cells maiuly pro--duce IL--4[1]. IL-12 po1arizes the differentiation ofnaitre, CD4 T cells towards Th1 pathWay, in con-trast IL--4 directs T cell differentiation towards Th2pathWay The broken balance between Th1 and Th2immune responses and predominant Th1 responseare crucial factors in initiation…     

加味八珍汤联合PFNA术治疗老年股骨转子间骨折患者的临床效果及对血液流变学指标的影响

目的:研究加味八珍汤联合股骨近端防旋髓内钉(Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation,PFNA)对老年股骨转子间骨折患者的临床效果及对术后隐性失血和血液流变学的影响。方法:选择2014年3月至2017年3月我院收治的68例接受PFNA治疗的转子间骨折者,将其随机平均分为观察组(34例,术后口服加味八珍汤颗粒7天)、对照组(34例)。对比两组总失血量、隐性失血量、隐性失血比例、血液流变学指标(血浆粘度及全血黏度低、中、高切)、不良反应等。结果:⑴两组各剔除2例,94.12%(64/68)的受试者完成研究。⑵两组总失血量相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,观察组隐性失血量及隐性失血发生率均显著降低(P0.05)。⑶治疗前,两组血浆粘度及低、中、高切全血黏度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组血浆粘度及低、中、高切全血黏度均显著低于本组治疗前(P0.05),且观察组以上指标均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。⑷观察组发生肌间静脉血栓1例,无药物过敏及毒副反应;对照组发生1例深静脉血栓、4例肌间静脉血栓。观察组不良反应率为3.125%,显著低于对照组(15.625%,P0.05)。结论:加味八珍汤既可显著减少老年股骨转子间骨折患者PFNA术后隐性失血,又能改善血流动力学、减少并发症。